The Impact of the Tuberculosis Vaccine Essay - 1630 Words

The Impact of the Tuberculosis Vaccine Abstract Tuberculosis is one of the most infectious diseases in the world. With almost one third of the world infected with this virus, people are striving to help prevent the spread of this disease (NIAID, 2001). One prevention technique for tuberculosis is the BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin) vaccine. In the early twentieth century Calmette and Guerin worked together to isolate a strain of the disease creating the first BCG vaccine. Throughout the century the scientists improved the BCG vaccine and today there are several different strains of the vaccine available. However, even today its full effects on the disease are unknown. The exploration of the effects of the vaccine, the best†¦show more content†¦When the body is finally faced with the Tuberculosis Vaccine Page 2 organism, it will hopefully have adapted enough to the strain of Mycobacterium bovis to immediately contain the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The goal of the vaccine is to keep the body functioning normally, even after contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine was first created in the early twentieth century. In 1906, in Paris, scientists Calmette and Guerin began experimenting with the vaccine for tuberculosis (NIAID, 2001). They isolated a strain of Mycobacterium bovis from a cow and began their experimentation on the living organism. After running tests on animals for over a decade, genetic changes began occurring in the original strain; this new strain was called the BCG vaccine. In Europe, in 1921, Calmette and Guerin introduced their vaccine to their first human subjects (WHO, 5). They fed the vaccine to baby patients orally. By 1928, the Health Committee of the League of Nations admitted it into use (Pediatric Research, 2002). Tuberculosis got off to a rocky start when it was first administered. In Lubeck, Germany, almost a quarter of the babies given the BCG vaccine got the tuberculosis disease or infection from the vaccine itself. The scandal caused general public to be skeptical of the vaccine. Following the outbr eak, it was discovered that the vaccine had beenShow MoreRelatedDuring the twentieth century, more than 300 million deaths worldwide were due to smallpox, however,1300 Words   |  6 Pagesother hand, during the 20th century tuberculosis which was once thought to have been declining in developed countries, is now according to WHO (2013) second only to HIV/AIDS as the greatest killer worldwide. This disease has been estimated by The World Health Organisation (2013) to kill 1.3 million people per year, the majority of those being in developed countries. Therefore, in this essay I will compare the prospects for control and eradication of tuberculosis to smallpox, with a reference to theRead MoreLeading Health Problems in Third World Countries: Tuberculosis933 Words   |  4 Pagesare still some of the leading problems in poor nations. Professor Susan Craddock from the department of Gender, Woman and Sexuality studies gave a presentation that focused on Tuberculosis, which is falls i nto a category of diseases called â€Å"neglected diseases†. They are called neglected because the development of vaccines and drugs to cure the diseases has decreased to about nothing. The market for these drugs is not lucrative enough for pharmaceutical companies in higher income countries to investRead MoreTuberculosis Is An Airborne Transmitted Disease1334 Words   |  6 PagesInfecting approximately a third of the worlds population, tuberculosis is considered to be one of the most deadly infections in the world1. It’s causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a gram-positive bacilli that’s about 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter2, stain resistant and non-motile. The bacterium are obligate aerobes that don’t form spores and develop infection at a slow rate. The cell walls of mycobacteria are composed primarily of peptidoglycans that have polysaccharides, proteins and lipids embeddedRead MoreTuberculosis : A Persistent Issue On Global Health1638 Words   |   7 Pages Background and Risk Factors Worldwide, tuberculosis is a persistent issue in global health. India alone carries over 25% of the global TB burden, with over 9 million people suffering from active TB infection each year (Central TB Division 2015). Of growing concern is the rise of multi- and extensively- drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR, respectively). Characterized by resistance to standard first-line antibiotics including isoniazid and rifampicin (Loddenkemper et al. 2002), MDR-TB requiresRead MoreTuberculosis : A Global Epidemic1300 Words   |  6 PagesNew Trends in Tuberculosis Treatment- Needs, Challenges and Achievements Tuberculosis today has established its roots as a global epidemic killing more than two million people each year and threatening the lives of the billions it infects. Although tuberculosis has been a notifiable disease since the 1990s, the impact of the disease has been underestimated due to lack of data on incidence and financial burden of the illness. Trends in recent years indicate that tuberculosis incidence rates haveRead MoreTuberculosis ( Tb ), A Communicable Disease1423 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will address the description of Tuberculosis (TB), a communicable disease, the determinants of health and how these factors contribute to the development of this disease, the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to Tuberculosis, the role of the community health nurse and how one national agency contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of this disease. â€Å"Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious and an often severe airborne disease caused by bacterial infection. TB is transmitted from anRead MorePrevention Of The Tuberculosis Epidemic872 Words   |  4 PagesTo control the tuberculosis epidemic, the first step is to implement the DOTS strategy. This strategy is central to the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) policy for tuberculosis control. (21) The first element in the DOTS strategy is ensuring political commitment to increase financial support. (22) Backing by national legislation facilitates international partnerships and funding (23) to ensure the availability of health care (24, 25). Therefore, it is necessary to campaign for political assistanceRead MoreThe Epidemiology of Tuberculosis1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss tuberculosis (TB), provide a clinical description, and discuss the determinants of health in relation to TB and the role and tasks of the community health nurse in regards to the disease. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that usually affects the victim’s lungs and is spread through the air. TB spreads from one community or country to another as people travel or through immigration to new areas. Today’s modern world ofRead More Africas Health Care Crisis Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesAfricas residents in some way. The crisis affects Africans because preventable diseases and poor living sanitation causes them to have low life expectancy. The high rate of preventable diseases being transmitted throughout the population includes tuberculosis, STIs, HIV/AIDS, and malaria. The issue of healthcare in Africa affects all of the poor people who have limited access to treatment, supplies, healthcare professionals, health facilities, or education. The healthcare system in Africa is inefficientRead MoreVaccines A Cure Or Curse?984 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines a Cure or Curse? Vaccines were created to protect humans against disease. However, currently many people are questioning their use and many Americans are not vaccinating their children. Vaccines are used to prevent disease not cause more health problems which is why they should be encouraged by health clinics across America and required for children to attend public schools. Public schools should require students to be vaccinated to attend school to protect the health of every student and

Essay about George Orwells 1984 - 1029 Words

George Orwells 1984 â€Å"No one is free, even the birds are chained to the sky.† This quote is not from 1984 but it may as well could be. Bob Dylan said this probably not knowing the connection it has with George Orwell’s 1984. 1984 depicts a dystopian world in which the civilians are watched and brainwashed constantly. There is no conventional freedom, there is no real individual in this world, there is a sense of coldness in 1984. The main character Winston is trying to figure out his past and what is real and what is propaganda in this world. In the novel the â€Å"Big Brother† changes people and the human race to fit what they want. George Orwell through his novel, 1984 addresses the idea if human nature can be changed in such a way we†¦show more content†¦35). This is another party slogan. You are trapped in whatever world the Party decides to make for you. This slogan and the Party brakes down someone’s physiological independence, nothing is concrete. There is no freedom for people depend on the Party in even remembering their childhood. Citizens have a very unclear memory of the past cause it is changed; the Party controls this and them. In 1984 no one is free, and no one wants to be free. Winston’s dignity and integrity is forgotten in 1984 with the help from Big Brother. Dignity is the sate of being worthy of being honored or respected. Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. There is little to none of this in the world of 1984. â€Å"You think there’s no other way of saving yourself and you’re quite ready to save yourself that way. You want it to happen to the other person. You don’t give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself.† (pg. 292). Big Brother has turned Winston and Julia against each other. They both wanted Big Brother to torture each other instead of themselves. There is no honor there; big brother is so deep in their heads it has ch anged them without their knowledge. Julia says that despite her efforts to make herself feel better, she knows that in order to save herself she really did want the Party to torture Winston. This shows that they have no moral conviction when faced with the fear of Big Brother. Another symbol thatShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. Through the themes in 1984, George Orwell demonstrates that a dystopian society created by totalitarian rule can infiltrate the minds of its citizens through various mediums. The famous novel falls intoRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841138 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s â€Å"1984† perfectly captures a potential dystopia that would occur to the human race if a totalitarian government was present. As a result of this, Orwell identifies the purpose of the novel: to warn people what could possibly happen if they were not careful. A totalitarian government is similar to a dictatorship and demands complete obedience. Orwell focused on what type of plot would be most beneficial, how the plot would impact the audience, and how the subplot builds on a conflictRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19842185 Words   |  9 PagesLiterary Analysis The author of the novel 1984, George Orwell, is a political critic. Therefore, he used very precise descriptions of situations and words to provide the reader a clear understanding of the entity he is criticizing. When Winston describes the destruction of past records to create new ones to Julia, he says: â€Å"Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street and building has been renamed, every dateRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19842208 Words   |  9 PagesIn George Orwell’s 1984, the author utilizes Big Brother to showcase the immense power and influence the government has over its subordinates. The Party manipulates the people through inflicting fear, constant surveillance, and deprivation of knowledge, in order to oppress them from having incorrect ideas or behaviors that are not permitted in society. They are expected to live as respectful Party members, forcefully having to dedicate thei r lives to serving Big Brother. There are a plethora of charactersRead MoreThe 1984 Adaptation Of George Orwells 19842072 Words   |  9 PagesCensorship in 1984 In the 1984 adaptation of George Orwell’s classic, Nineteen Eighty-Four, the director, Michael Radford, plays on the ideas of censorship and control of all citizens. As one of the biggest themes that is presented in the film, the Inner Party makes it their mission to stop all citizens of â€Å"free thinking†. Citizens are not allowed to think poorly of the government, nor are they allowed to think impure thoughts. Those who try to condemn the government, and those that question theRead MoreGeorge Orwells 1984 Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwells 1984 What look on humanity and human nature, if any, can be seen through this book, 1984? 1984 examines a future under the rule of a totalitarian society. One of the unique notes about Orwells 1984, is theRead MoreJustice in George Orwells 19841293 Words   |  6 PagesJustice in 1984 The concept of justice is an important subject in George Orwell’s 1984. Justice is defined according to Plato as â€Å"the interest of the stronger†. Justice plays a big role in 1984’s society. Justice is understood differently by the protagonists of the text than how it is represented by the societies in which they live. In the novel 1984 by Orwell, an extremely controlling totalitarian government called The Party, rules the society. They have introduced Telescreens which monitorRead MoreSymbolism In George Orwells 19841349 Words   |  6 Pages Symbolism in 1984 Literary concepts are often used in books to make the reading experience more enjoyable. In George Orwell’s 1984, Orwell uses a key literary element, symbolism, to do this. Orwell does this in a unique way. He makes the reader want to think one way, when the reality is far different. This causes the reader to be surprised when the truth of the matter is revealed. He is able to do this by having certain objects represent one thing, and then later reveal it is something far differentRead MoreTotalitarianism In George Orwells 19841028 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism Used in 1984 A dystopia is a society which is characterized by misery, oppression, and unhappiness. Likewise, a totalitarian government neither allow parties to have different opinions nor freedom with a centralized government, therefore totalitarianism and dystopian societies are similar. In 1984, written by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dictator who gives the Oceanian population no personal freedoms and strictly dominates all of the country for their own selfish ways. Unlike OceaniaRead MoreSurveillance In George Orwells 19841219 Words   |  5 PagesSurveillance, or a close watch kept over someone or something for a specific purpose, features prominently in George Orwell’s dystopian novel 1984. The book follows Winston Smith, a middle-aged man who lives in the futuristic society of Oceania, where the government of the Party, under the leadership of Big Brother, maintains strict control of the people and prevents free thought through propaganda, censorship, and surveillance. Winston t ries to think freely while evading detection and succeeds for

Juvenile Delinquency in America and its causes Essay Example For Students

Juvenile Delinquency in America and its causes Essay Remember doing something mischievous or wrong when you were a kid and getting the label delinquent slapped on you ? Did you ever wonder what it meant ? That is what my topic for today is . . . juvenile delinquency. In this report I will: define juvenile delinquency, give the extent of juvenile delinquency, give some suggestions on what causes juvenile delinquency, and what is being done in various communities to deal with this growing problem. The legal term juvenile delinquent was established so that young lawbreakers could avoid the disgrace of being classified in legal records as criminals. Juvenile delinquency laws were designed to provide treatment, rather than punishment, for juvenile offenders. Young delinquents usually are sent to juvenile courts, where the main aim is to rehabilitate offenders, rather than to punish them. But the term juvenile delinquency itself has come to imply disgrace in todays society. A youngster can be labeled a delinquent for breaking any one of a number of laws, ranging from robbery to running away from home. But an action for which a youth may be declared a delinquent in one community may not be against the law in another community. In some communities, the police ignore many children who are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them directly to their parents. But in other communities, the police may refer such children to a juvenile court, where they may officially be declared delinquents. Crime statistics, though they are often incomplete and may be misleading, do give an indication of the extent of the delinquency problem. The FBI reports that during the early 1980s, about two-fifths of all arrests in the United States for burglary and arson were of persons under the age of 18. Juveniles also accounted for about one-third of all arrests for larceny. During any year, about 4 % of all children between the ages of 10 and 18 appear in a juvenile court. The percentage of youngsters in this group who are sent to court at least once is much higher. A third or more of those boys living in the slum areas of large cities may appear in a juvenile court at least once. Girls are becoming increasingly involved in juvenile delinquency. Today, about one of every five youngsters appearing in juvenile court is a girl. In the early 1900s, this ratio was about 1 girl to every 50 or 60 boys. Sociologists have conducted a number of studies to determine how much delinquency is not reported to the police. Most youngsters report taking part in one or more delinquent acts, though a majority of the offenses are minor. Experts have concluded that youthful misbehavior is much more common than is indicated by arrest records and juvenile court statistics. Many studies have been made in an effort to determine the causes of delinquency. Most of these have focused on family relationships or on neighborhood or community conditions. The results of these investigations have shown that it is doubtful that any child becomes a delinquent for any single reason. Family Relationships, especially those between parents and individual children, have been the focus of several delinquency studies. An early study comparing delinquent and nondelinquent brothers showed that over 90 % of the delinquents had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances. Only 13 % of their brothers felt this way. Whatever the nature of the delinquents unhappiness, delinquency appeared to them to be a solution. It brought attention to youths neglected by their parents, or approval by delinquent friends, or it solved problems of an unhappy home life in other ways. More recent studies have revealed that many delinquents had parents with whom they did not get along or who were inconsistent in their patterns of discipline and punishment. Neighborhood conditions have been stressed in studies by sociologists. .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 , .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .postImageUrl , .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 , .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:hover , .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:visited , .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:active { border:0!important; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:active , .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7 .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud520abec4a8397ea254cf8e1552355a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus Rex Argumentative Essay Many of these inquiries concentrate on differing rates of delinquency, rather than on the way individuals become delinquents. A series of studies have shown that delinquency rates are above average in the poorest sections of cities. Such areas have many broken homes and a high rate of alcoholism. They also have poor schools, high unemployment, few recreational facilities, and high crime rates. Many young people .